Chief Architect x10 Reference Manual | PDF | Framing (Construction) | Stairs

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We never send published papers to clients nor do we publish the papers after sending them to our clients. Whether to reference us in your work or not is a personal decision. If it is an academic paper, you have to ensure it is permitted by your institution. When we pour molasses from a jug, why is the stream so much larger near the nozzle than at some distance from it p Because, according to the law of falling bodies, the further the molasses falls the faster it falls.

The stream, therefore, becomes smaller as it moves more swiftly, until, at last, it breaks up into drops. Ought afaucet to extend into a barrel beyona the staves-t No; because cross currents would be produced, which would interfere with the free passage of the liquid. What would be the effect if both the openings in one of the arms in Barker’s Mill were on the same side? It would cease revolving. The pressure in each direction would then be equal, and the arms would balance.

Why must we make two openings in a barrel of cider when we taf it? One to let out the cider, and one to admit the air. What is the weight of ro cubic feet of air? What is the pressure of the air on one square rod of land? What is the pressure on a pair of Magdeburg hemispheres 4 in.

How high a column of water can the air sustain twhen the barometric column stands at 28 in.? If we should add a fressure of two atmospiheres, what. The pressure is trebled, and according to Mariotte’s law, the volume will be reduced in the same proportion; hence it will be cu.

If, while the water is running through the sizphon, we quickly lift the lonlg arm, what will be the effect on the water in the sipthon? It will all run back through the short arm into the vessel. If we lift the entire sipthon? The water will all run out the long arm. In theory, Why cannot we raise water, by means of a sipfhon, to a higher level? There is no power in a siphon; it is only a way of guiding the flow of water to a lower level. If the air in the chamber of a fire-engine be condensed to 1c6 its former bulk, what will be thefiressure due to the ex!

What causes the bubbles to rise to the surface, when we put a lump of loaf-sugar in hot tea? The bubbles of air contained in the pores of the sugar rise because they are lighter than the water. To what height can a balloon ascend? Until its specific gravity is the same as that of the air in which it floats. A weight equal to the difference between its own weight and that of the air it displaces.

Why is the air lighter in foul and heavier in fair weather? This question is answered in the Philosophy. Another reason may be, that the upward currents of air partly remove the pressure in foul weather. When smoke ascends in a straight line, is it a proof o1 the rarity or density of the air?

Of its density, because it shows that the smoke is much lighter than the air, and so rises immediately to the top. Why do we notfeel the heavy pressure of the air on out bodies? The pressure on a person of ordinary size is about 16 tons. Is a bottle empSty whenfilled with air? No; because we must empty the air out before we can fll the bottle with anything else. How does the variation in the pressure of the air affect those who ascend lofty mountains? The outward pressure is there partly removed, and the inner pressure remaining the same, the blood is often forced through the ears, nostrils, etc.

When one descends into a deep mine the conditions are reversed: the outer pressure becomes in excess of the inner; severe pain is felt in the eardrum, and ringing noises in the head become almost intolerable. These, however, disappear after a time, where the equilibrium between the internal and external pressure is restored.

It is said that Humboldt ascended where the mercurial column fell to 14 inches, and descended in a diving-bell where it rose to 45 inches-thus making a variation of 3I inches, or a difference of 3 I,ooo lbs. How near would the bell be filled at a depth of 1, feet. If the bell were then raised, would the water stay in till it reached the surface? The elasticity of the air would cause it to gradually expand and drive out the water as it rose.

Three minutes elap5se between theflash and the rejiort of a thunderbolt: how far distant is it? If the air is at the freezing point, the distance is ft. Five seconds expire between theflash and report of a gun: what is the distance.?

Suippose a speaking-tube should connect two villages Io miles apart. How long would it take a sound to pass that distance? The report of a pistol-shot was returned to the earfrom theface of a cliff in 4 seconds. How far was it? What is the cause of the difference in the voice of man and woman? It may be a difference in the length of the vocal chords, or in the power of lengthening and shortening them; but it is not yet fully understood.

The difference between a bass and tenor, as between a contralto and soprano voice, is probably that of quality only, like that between different kinds of musical instruments. What is the number of vibrationsfier second necessary to produce the fifth tone ofthe scale of C? What is the length of each sound-wave in that tone when the temperature is zeroa? What is the number of vgbrations in the fourth tfne above middle C Cj? A meteor of Nov. A stone was let fall into a well, and in 4 seconds was heard to strike the bottom.

How deep was the well? See p. What time would it require for a sound to travel 5 mites in the still water of a lake? How much louder will be the report of a gun to an observer at a distance of 20 rods than to one at half a mile?

Hence the sound is 64 times louder to the observer at 20 rods that to the one at half a mile. Does sound travel faster at the foot or at the tofi of a mnountain? The density and elasticity of the air vary in the same proportion; hence if the temperature were the same on the top of a mountain that it is at the foot, the velocity of sound would be the same, but as it is always colder, the velocity is less.

Because the intensity of the sound-wave is weakened at each reflection. Why is it so fatiguing to, talk through a sfieakingtrumpet? Because so much more air must be set in motion by the vocal chords. The column of air in the resonant cavity of the throat is re-enforced by all the air in the trumpet. A needlewoman will distinguish by the sound, whether it is silk or cotton that is torn. Blind people recognlze. Why is a secondary bow fainter than the jprimary I The primary is produced by one reflection and two refractions; the secondary, by two reflections and two refractions.

The additional reflection weakens the ray. Why are the colors reversed? We can understand this by looking at Fig. In one bow we see that the rays enter the drops at the top, and are refracted at the bottom to the eye; in the other, that the rays enter at the bottom, and are refracted at the top to the eye.

Why can we notsee arounda house or through a bent tube? The rays of light move in straight lines. What color would a painter use if he wished to represent an opening into a dark cellar Black. Is black a color? No; it is the absence of color. Is white? Yes; it is the presence of all color-i.

By holding an object nearer a light, will it increase or diminish the size of the shadow? It will increase it, because more rays are intercepted. Where do we see a rainbow in the morning? In the west. An architect, comparing the length o’ two lines separated from each other, if he estimate within the 30th part, we leem very accurate; but a musician would not be considered very precise who only estimated within a quarter of a note. In a large orchestra, the leader will distinguish each note of each instrument.

Wc recognize an old-time friend by the sound of his voice, when the other senses utterly fail to recall him. The musician carries in his ear the idea of the musical key and every tune in the scale, though he is constantly hearing a multitude of sounds. A tune once learned will be remembered when the words of the song are forgotten. Pepper tells us that he tuned a fork which corresponded to 64, vibrations per second.

Can any two sp5ectators see the same rainbow? They cannot, because no two persons can be at the right angle to get the same color from a drop. Why, when the drofps of water are falling through the air, does the bow appear stationary?

Because the drops succeed each other so rapidly that they keep a constant impression on the retina. Why can a cat see in the night? Because the pupils of its eyes are larger, and so admit more light. Why cannot an owl see in daylight? The pupils of its eyes are large enough to admit of cleal vision in the night, but they cannot be contracted, and so in daylight the owl becomes dazzled with the excess of light received.

Wshy are we blinded when we pass quickly from a dara into a brilliantly lighted room? The pupils of our eyes admit too much light, but they soon contract to the proper dimensions, and we can then see distinctly. When we pass out from a lighted room into the dark street, the conditions are reversed. If the light on a distant planet is only ylog that which we receive, how does its distance from the sun compare with ours? If when I sit 6 feet from a candle I receive a certain amount of light, how much will I diminish it if I sit back 6 feet further?

As my distance from the light is doubled, the light is inversely as 22, or only i as bright. Why do drops of rain, in falling, appear like liquid [hSoads? The impression the drop makes on the retina remains until the drop reaches the ground. We see this illustrated in greasing a bit of paper. It becomes semitransparent because more light passes through it, but looks darker itself because less light is reflected to the eye.

Does color exist in the object or in the mind of the observer? In the mind. Color in the object can be only a peculiar property whereby a body absorbs some colors, and reflects or transmits others.

Why is lather opaque, while air and a solution of soap are each transparent? By repeated reflections and refractions in passing through the unhomogeneous mass of lather, the rays are weakened. The principle is the same as that of deadening floors with tanbark.

Why does it whiten molasses candy to jull it? Water is given up both in cooking and pulling. This causes more light to be reflected Q. Why does plastering become lighter in color as it dries? Because, as the water evaporates, the mortar transmits less light, and reflects more light to the eye. Why does a photographer iuse a kerosene oil-lamp in the’ dark-roomz?

Some ” dark-rooms” are lighted with yellow glass windows. Is the common division of colors into “cold” and “warm” verified in philosophy? Yes; red contains more heat than violet. I Why is the image on the camera, Fig. I67, inverted? The rays cross each other at the focus of the double convex len. WJhy is the second image seen in the mirror, Fig. As the latter is a beter reflector,.

Each image after that will be weakened by the repeated reflection. Which can be heard at the greater distance, noise or music? Other things being equal, music will penetrate much further than noise. Boatmen call to each other, at a distance, in a musical tone.

A band is heard above the noise of the rabble. It seems to be a wise arrangement of Providence that all harsh, discordant noises should perish as soon as possible, and only harmonious ones survive. Why are some bodies brilliant, and others dull?

Some reflect the light better than others. A piece of stone coal lying in the sun’s rays will shine so brilliantly that one will cease to see the coal at all, and will judge it to be a bright metal. Why can a carpenter looking along the edge of a board tell whether it is straight?

If the edge is straight, the light will be reflected uniformly to his eye from the whole length. Any uneven places will make dark and light spots. Why can we not see out of the window after we have lighted the lampf in the evening? The glass reflects the light of the lamp back to our eyes, and they adapt themselves to the increased amount. Why does a ground-glass globe soften the light? It scatters the rays. Why can we not see through. They transmit the light irregularly to the eye, and not uniformly, like a transparent body.

Why does the moon’s surface appear flat? Because it is so distant that the eye cannot detect the difference between the distance of the centre and the circumference. Why can we see further with a telescope than with the naked eye?

Because it furnishes us more light with which to see a distant object. Why is not snow transparent, like ice? Because it is unhomogeneous. See problem I8. Are there rays in the sunbeam which we cannot see? We cannot see the heat or the chemical rays. Then closing one eye and looking steadily at one mark though we can see both , move the paper toward the eye.

A point will be reached where the eye can perceive only one of the marks; on coming nearer, both will be seen again. Holding the card pretty near the eyes, look through these holes at the head of a pin.

There will seem to be two pin-heads. Since an impression is made on the retina of each eye, it would seem that we ought always to see objects double.

The nerves from both eyes are so joined, however, before they reach the brain, that this effect is avoided. If, now, we cause the image on the retina to be made on parts of the eye which do not correspond to each other, we shall obtain a double image. Why is a rainbow in the morning a sign of foul, and in the evening of fair weather?

In the morning it indicates a formation of clouds when the temperature is rising, and therefore shows a determination to moisture. In the evening it indicates a clearing away when the temperature is falling, and hence shows a determination to dryness. Why is a red, lowering sky in the morning a sign of rain, and a brilliant red sky at night, of fair weather? Why does a distant light, in the night, seem like a star!

Why does a bright light, in the night, seem so much nearer than it. Why does a ray of light, j5assed through a small hole, of any shape, inz a card, make a round, bright spot? Why are these siots crescent-shaped during an eclipse? VWhat color predominates in artificial lights? Why does yellow seem white, and blue green, when seen jby artificial light? Because the white takes on, in the yellow rays. So, also, dark blue becomes purple, and red has a tawny hue. Magnesium light possesses all the colors of the spectrum, and hence all objects retain their natural appearance when illuminated by it.

Why are we not sensible of darkness when we wink? Because the impression of the light is retained upon the retina during the brief interval of darkness. Why will one’s hand, on a frosty morning, freeze to a metallic door-knob sooner than to one of porcelain? Because the metal is a better conductor of heat than the porcelain, and hence conducts the heat from the hand faster.

Why does a piece of bread toasting curl up on the side toward the fire? The water being expelled from the pores on that side causes the bread to shrink. Why do double windows protect from. The non-conducting air enclosed between the window-panes keeps in the heat and keeps out the cold. VWhy do fur;nace-men wear flannel shirts in summet to kefie cool, and in winter to keep warm?

Why do we blow our hands to make them warm, and our soup to make it cool? Our breath is warmer than our hands, but cooler than our soup. Why does snow iprotect the grass? The air enclosed between the flakes of snow is a non-conductor. No infant in its cradle is tucked in more tenderly than the coverlet of snow about the humble grass that nestles down for its winter’s nap on the bosom of mother Earth.

Why does water “boil away” more rapiidly on some days than on others? Because the atmospheric pressure varies. What causes the crackling sound ill a stove, when a fire is lighced? The expansion of the iron by the heat. Why is the tone of a iiano higher in a cold room than in a warmn one?

The steel wires lengthen in a warm room, and so lower the tone. Ought an inkstand to have a large or a small mouth? A small mouth, to prevent evaporation. Why is there a space left between the ends of the rails on a railroad track? To allow room for the expansion and contraction of the railq with the changes in temperature.

Why is a person liable to take cold when his clothes are daimnf? The water which evaporates from his clothes, in drying, absorbs heat from his body. What is the theory of corn-iofpfiing?

The air in the ceiis oi the corn expands by the heat and bursts the outer coating of the corn. Could vacuum-pans be employed in cooking? They could not, because the heat would not be sufficient to cook the food. Why does the air feel so chilly, in the spring, when snow and ice are melting?

When the ice is passing into the liquid state, it absorbs heat from all surrounding objects. Why, in freezing ice-cream, do we put the ice in a wooden vessel, and the cream in a tin one? The non-conducting wooden vessel prevents the ice from absorbing heat from the external air, and the conducting tin vessel enables it to absorb the heat from the cream. Why does the temperature generally moderate when the mnow falls? The vapor passing into the solid form gives off heat.

Why does sjrinkling a floor with water cool the air? The water turning to vapor absorbs heat. How low a degree of temierature can be reached with a mercurial thermometer?

If the temperature be F. Will dew form on an iron bridge? Yes, because iron is a good radiator. On a wooden bridge? Not so readily, because wood is a poorer radiator. VWhy will not corn ipo when very dry? The pores shrink, and the corn becomes compact; only porous, tender-celled corn will pop.

The interior of the earth being a melted mass, why do we get the coldest water from a deep well? Oughtl the bottom of a tea-kettle to be polished? No, since a polished surface would reflect the heat.

We need a black, rough, sooty surface to absorb the heat rapidly. Which boils the sooner, milk or water? Milk, because it is so adhesive that the bubbles of steam which are formed at the bottom of the dish cannot easily escape. They therefore pile up on top of each other, and the milk boils over readily. Is it economy to keep our stoves highly polished? The stove-blacking used is a good radiator, but the surface should not be highly polished, as that hinders radiation.

If a thermometer be held in a running stream, will it indicate the same temperature that it would in a pailful of the same water? For the same reason that a thermometer, in the wind, will indicate the same temperature as in the still air. Which makes the better holder, woollen or cotton? Woollen, because it is so poor a conductor of heat. Which will give out the more heat, a pilain stove or one with ornamental designs?

The latter, since it has more radiating surface 3 I. Does dew fall? No; it forms directly where it is found. The vapor merely collects on the cold surface. What causes the ” sweating’ of a pitcher? The vapor of the air condenses on the cold pitcher. It is often a sign of rain, since it shows that the air is full of vapor easily deposited. VWhy is evaporation hastened in a vacuum?

Because the pressure of the air is removed. Page 44 44 AJ. Does stirring the ground around plants aid in the dqefa sition of dew? It does, since it facilitates radiation. Why does the snow at the foot of a tree melt sooner than that in thze oi5en field? The dark-colored tree absorbs the sun’s heat, and then radiates it out in slow, dull waves, which are absorbed by the snow. Why is the opening in a chimney made to decrease in size from bottom to top? Because as the heated air rises it cools and shrinks.

If the chimney did not diminish in size correspondingly, currents of cold air would set down from the top. Will tea keefi hot longer in a bright or in a dull tea-pot e In a bright one, since a polished surface retards radiation. Why is one’s breath visible on a cold day? The vapor in the breath is condensed by the cold air. Why is light-colored clothing cooler in summer and warmer in winter than dark-colored?

It does not absorb the heat of the sun in summer, nor the heat of the body in winter; dark-colored clothing has neither of these desirable properties. How does the heat at two feet from the fire compare with that at four feet? Hence it is four times greater. Why does the frost remain later in the morning uipon some objects than iupon others?

Those objects which are good absorbers of heat soon become warm enough to melt the frost upon them: poor absorbers heat more slowly, and so retain the frost longer. Is it economy to me green wood? It is not, since the sap must be changed to vapor, and wate,. This is, of course, entirely lost to the consumer. Why does not green wood snap? The pores are filled with water instead of air. The water does not expand rapidly enough to burst off the coverings of the cells, and so simply oozes out gradually and is vaporized.

Why will a fiece of metal droipped into a glass orjorcelain dish of boiling water facilitate the ebullition? The rougher surface of the metal aids in the formation and disentanglement of the steam-bubbles. The bubbles cling longer to a smooth than to a rough surface. This is one cause of that bumping sound often noticed when liquids are boiling in glass dishes. Which can be ignited the more easily with a burningglass, black or white papier.

P Black paper, since it is a much better absorber of heat. Why does the air feel colder on a windy day.? Because fresh portions of cold air are brought constantly in contact with our bodies.

In what did the miracle of Gideon’s fleece consist? The hard threshing-floor was a better conductor of heat than the porous fleece; hence, naturally, the dew would collect on the latter more readily than cn the former. In the miracle, the conditions remaining the same, the results in the two cases were reversed. Judges, vi. Could a burning-lens be made of ice?

Burning-lenses have been made of that material. The rays have no heating power until the waves of ether are stopped. They do not elevate the temperature of the medium through which they pass. ZVhy is an iceberg frequently envelop5ed by a fog? The moisture of the air is condensed upon its cold surface. Would dew gather more freely on a rusty stove than on a bright kettle? It would, because the rusty iron surface is a good radiator. Why is a clear night colder than a cloudy one f.

On such a night there can be no frost or dew. On a clear night, the heat which the earth radiates passes out freely into space, and thus the earth cools rapidly. Why is no dew formed on cloudy nights? See last question. Why do we use a longer tube of mercury for a baromzter than a thermometer? Which is the hottest jart of a room? Why is it hotter above a flame than at the side? What is the difference between dew and rain?

Why will ashes keep fire overnigzht? If a piane of glass and a similar late of polished s4eel were laid upon the ground, in the night, zpon which would the dew form most abundantly? The glass is a poor conductor of heat, and so would absorb little heat from the earth, while the metal would absorb it freely; the glass is a better radiator than the polished metal, and thus would become drenched with dew, while the metallic surface would be scarcely dimmed.

Why is there but little dew forzmed in cities? Is an abundant dew a sign of rain? It is. See question Is there any dew formed out at sea The cold air settles into the valley, while the warm air rises to the hills.

How are hailstones formed? There are two separate currents of air, one hot and charged with moisture, the other cold. The former is displaced by the latter and driven up in the atmosphere.

There its vapor is condensed at the centre of the cloud into snow, and at the extremities into ice-cold water. In this cloud there is a whirling motion which collects the snow into little balls, each of which is the nucleus of a hailstone.

Each of these is carried, alternately, by the whirling currents, into the snow-cloud at the centre, and the ice-cold water outside. Both give it a coating, one of snow-like, spongy ice, and the other of transparent ice. This is done with great rapidity, until at last its weight overcomes the violent upward motion which sustains it in the air, and the hailstone falls to the ground.

When a hailstone is carefully examined we can see this nucleus, and these concentric layers, like the coats of an onion. Why do we have hailstorms in summer, and not in winter? The small spongy hail or sleeo of winter has the same origin as hailstones in summer, but there is not enough vapor in the cold air to give them the size of summer hailstones.

Is the sweating of a ipitcher a sign of rain? At the top, because cold water falls. Why is evaporation hastened in a vacuum? Is a dusty boot hotter to the foot than a polished one p It is, because it is a better absorber of heat.

Loomis, in his “Treatise on Meteorology. Key, p. The method adopted in solving this problem is merely the rough one in common use, and gives only an approximate result. If an exact answer is desired, we should take in account the time required for the sound to reach the ear. Is it likely that all the elements izave been discovered?

It is not, since several have been found lately by means of spectrum analysis. The ancients held that there are but four elements-earth, water, air, and fire; the first representing the solid form of matter, the second the liquid, the third the gaseous, and the fourth the force which changes matter from one form to another.

Few of the sixty-five elements are common. Those italicised, in the table on page 14, are rare. See also: How LibriVox Works. LibriVox volunteers are helpful and friendly, and if you post a question anywhere on the forum you are likely to get an answer from someone, somewhere within an hour or so.

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Page [unnumbered]. A Brief History of the Urlited States, A Brief History of France, The same publishers also offer the following standard scientific vworks, being more extended or difficult treatises than those of Prof. Steele, though still of Academic grade.

The problems contained in all the books are fully, and, it is thought, accurately solved. Great pains have been taken to revise and compare them carefully.

The practical questions are answered, often not in full, yet enough so to give the key to the more perfect reply. The use of the text-books is presupposed, and the statements merely supplement, or apply the fuller theories therein contained and explained. On many points there may be a difference of opinion. The author often finds in his own classes a wide diversity.

On mooted questions he has merely advanced one view, leaving the subject open for the discussion of other theories. Minute directions are given, pages inclusive, for performing a course of experiments in Chemistry.

It is hoped that these may be of service to teachers who, with incomplete appadatus, are trying to illustrate to their pupils some of the principles of that science. In all cases of doubt or misunderstanding with regard to the answers or solutions, the author will be pleased to correspond with any teacher using the Series ELMIRA, Mdrch 19, Page 4.

LThe bold-faced figures refer to the pages of the Philosophy; the others to the number of the Practical Questions. If one is riding rapbidly, in which direction will he be thrown when the horse is suddenly stopped f. In the same direction in which he is going.

He has the inotion of the carriage, and his inertia carries him forward. Wkhen standing in a boat, why, as it starts, are we thrown backward? Because the inertia of our bodies keeps them stationary, while the boat carries our feet forward. WIhen carrying a cup of tea, if we move or stop quickly, why is the liquid liable to spill? The inertia of the tea tends to keep it still or in motion, as the case may be.

If we move the cup quickly, the motion is not imparted to the liquid soon enough to overcome the inertia. When, therefore, we start, the tea spills out backward; or, when we stop, it spills out forward. We understand this if we can tell why a cup of tea is more liable to spill than one of sugar.

Why, whzen closely Jbursued, can we escape by dodging? We turn sharply. Our pursuer, ignorant of our design, cannot overcome his inertia so as to turn as quickly, and hence is carried past. Because its inertia tends to carry it directly forward. A puzzling question in this connection is-Why is a sleigh more liable to tip over than a wagon? Because the friction between the card and the cent is so slight that, by a quick snap, you can overcome the inertia of the former without imparting any fbrce to the latter.

Why, after the sails of a vessel are furled, does it s;ll continue to move; and why, after the sails are all spread, does it require some time to -et under full headway? Its inertia must be overcome in the one case by the resistance of the air and water, and in the other by the force of the wind.

Why can we not weld a piece of copper lo one oj iron? Cohesion acts only between molecules of the same kind. Because its force of cohesion is stronger.

WVhy is a piece of iron, when perfectly welded, stronger than before it was brokcn? By the hammering, more particles are brought within the range of cohesion. Because they vary in cohesive force. Why, when you drop medicine, will the last few dr’fp. Why are drops larger if you drop them slowly f There is more time for the adhesive force of the bottle to act on the liquid, and so a larger drop can be gathered.

Why is a tube stronger than a rod of the same weight? So true is this, that long beams heavily loaded have been broken by a mere scratch of a pin on the lower side. The particles along the centre break last. They rather aid in the fracture, since they afford a fulcrum for the rest of the rod, acting as the long arms of a lever, to act upon. In a tube the particles at the centre are removed and all concentrated at the outside, where the first strain is felt.

See Physiology, p. Why, if you melt scraps of zinc, will they form a solid mass when cooled? The heat overcomes, in part, the attraction of cohesion, so that the particles flow freely on each other. They now all come within the range of cohesion, so that when the metal cools they are held by that force in a solid mass.

In what liquids is the force of cohesion greatest? Mercury, molasses, etc. Name some solids that will volatilize without melting? Arsenic, camphor. Why does cloth shrink when wet?

By capillary attraction the water is drawn into the pores ot the cloth. The fibres are thus expanded sidewise and shortened lengthwise. The cloth “fulls uIf” or thickens while it shortens and narrows shrinks in the process. IWhy do sailors at a boat-race wet the sails? The pores being full and expanded make the sails more compact. They will therefore hold the wind better. Why does not writing-ipaer blot? Because the pores are filled with size. See Chemistry, p.

Why does iainztprevent woodfrom shrinking? Because it fills the pores of the wood. Ordinarily the former is concave and the latter convex. Why can we not dry a toweltierfectly by wringing? Because of the strength of the capillary force by which the water is held in the pores of the cloth. Why will not water run through a fine sieve when the w7ires have been greased?

Because the grease repels the water and so prevents capi!. Why will camnihor dissolve in alcohol and not in water? Because there is a strong adhesion between the alcohol and camphor, and little, if any, between the water and camphor.

Why will mercury rise in zinc turbes as water does zn glass tubes? Because of the strong adhesion between zinc and mercury. Why is it so diffcult to lift a board out of water? Because of the adhesion between the board and the water. Why will ink spilled on the edge of a book extendfurther inside than f stsilled on the side of the leaves? Because the capillary pores of the paper are short, being only the thickness of a leaf, while the capillary spaces between the leaves are longer and continuous.

If you should hali ten to spill some ink on the edge of,your book, ought you lo press the leaves togfether?. Because you would make the capillary spaces between tlie leasves smaller, and so the ink would rise in them further. WZhy can you not mix oil and water? Because there is no adhesion between them. Because in the former case there is an adhesion, in the latter none.

I 6 Why is a tub or fail liable to fall to pieces if noalflled with water or kefpt in the cellar? Because the moisture dries out of the pores, and the wood shrinks so as to let the hoops fall off. NAame instances where the attraction of adhesion is stronger than that of cohesion.

WXTood fastened by glue will often split before the glue will yield. Paper stuck with paste, and bricks with mortar, are also examples. When an afttle fills to thegroulrd, how izmuch doesthe earth rise to meet it? The earth falls as much less distance than the apple, as its mass is greater. Uthat causes the sawdust in a mill-ofind to collect in large masses? The attraction of gravity which exists between all bodies, whereby they attract each other.

All bodies on the earth would tend to approach each other, and the big ones would gather all the little ones around them were they as free to move as the sawdust floating on water. Will a body weigh more in a valley than on a mountain P It will, because the attraction of the earth is greater. Will a pfound weight fall mIore slowly than a tzwo-fiound Veight? They will both fall in the same time, except the slight difference which is caused by the resistance of the air. Galileo propounded this view and proved it, in the presence of a xast crowd, by letting unequal weights fall from the leaning towez of Pisa.

Is the centre qf gravity always within a body-as, fao examiple, a ring.?

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